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Bracketing Shots Bracketing One of the most useful techniques in photography is called bracketing, in other words, taking multiple photos of the same subject with different camera settings. Normally, bracketing is about changing your exposure: one photo at the meter’s recommendation, plus one under and one over. But exposure is not the only variable at play here. ​ Why Bracket Photos? Bracketing means you capture a sequence of photos while changing your camera settings from shot to shot. This means you end up with two or more photos of the same scene, with only a couple of differences in each shot. ​ Exposure bracketing is the most common kind of bracketing in photography, will usually ending up with one photo that is too dark, one that is too bright, and one with a correct exposure. But bracketing the focus distance will resulting in one photo that is front-focused, another that is back-focused, and one that is accurate. Some people consider bracketing takes up memory and wastes time. Especially if one knows what settings needed for an image, so, why bracket shots? There are two important reasons why bracketing is beneficial in photography. ​ 1. Playing it Safe Firstly, no matter how experienced a photographer the camera settings may be wrong. The three planned exposures, an overexposed, an underexposed, and one correct exposure will not always materialise that way. In their place, one may be extremely underexposed, another significantly underexposed photo, and another that is correct. ​ It is difficult to perfectly judge exposure in the field, especially in high-contrast light or other problematic conditions. Bracketing is a way to reduce potential problems by taking safeguards against common errors people generally make. Particularly for important potential one-time shots, it is a low-risk, high-reward procedure. ​ 2. Merging Photos Sometimes, bracketing is the only way to capture the photo required. For example, if shooting an ultra-high-contrast scene, one photo may not achieve the required results. A single image at normal exposure will lead to highlights that are too bright, and resulting in dark, noisy shadows. Occasionally this sort of problem can be rectified using a graduated ND (neutral density) filter, but the more practical option is to do things digitally. Take an underexposed photo so the highlights look good, plus an overexposed photo so the shadows are right. Then, combine the best parts of each photo into an HDR or luminosity blend. ​ Of course, one can go beyond a two-photo blend, by using three photos. For my part, I do not like blending exposures with more than 2/3 stop of exposure between them because the transition areas can look grainy. How to Do Exposure Bracketing The actual process of exposure bracketing is easy. In any semi-automatic mode, change your exposure compensation from shot to shot. In manual mode, change any of the three settings manually: aperture, shutter speed, or ISO. ​ Most decent cameras today allow the setup of automatic bracketing within the menu. When enabled, the camera will automatically change settings from shot to shot rather than making manual modifications. Some cameras only allow exposure bracketing, while others have bracketing options for JPEG settings, white balance, and other camera settings. Although bracketing is found in the menu, most modern cameras frequently assign a custom button to access this option quicker, while others have a specific bracketing button. ​ Which Exposure Setting Should You Bracket? Earlier, I stated that it is important to choose your bracketing setting carefully. Even though you can bracket shutter speed, aperture, and ISO just as easily as one another. ​ Aperture - since aperture affects depth of field it can be the worst setting to bracket. Creating an HDR from f/4 - f/5.6 - f/8 will result in an odd image, with unnatural transitions having blurry to sharp regions looking odd. A five-image bracket can be worse. ​ ISO – neither is adjusting the ISO setting, since each shot at different ISO settings will have distinctive levels of image quality. Anyway, an HDR shot at ISO 400, 800, and 1600 will not be improved over a single ISO 400 image. ​ Shutter Speed - the exposure setting is the setting one considers adjusting first. Especially if shooting from a tripod, and the subject is not moving. However, in scenes with quickly moving subjects and the potential for motion blur, the flexibility of bracketing shutter speed is limited. In action shots, ISO is often the better choice. Focus Bracketing ​ Focus bracketing is easier than exposure bracketing since there is only one setting under consideration: focus distance. Here, the goal comprises of focus stacking the images in post-processing later, like a group photo where everyone needs to be sharp but is unsure where to focus for the best result. Focus bracketing works best when overlapping the depth of field from shot to shot. But, if the steps are too wide, you can end up with an odd: sharp, blurry, sharp, blurry, sharp, etc. ​ So, when bracketing focus manually, take photos with smaller focus increments, and if possible review each photo afterward to check that the transitions are smooth. However, previews on a camera’s rear LCD look different than full-size images on a high-resolution monitor. ​ These days, many cameras today have a built-in focus stack feature to simplify this process. Focus on your nearest subject, tell the camera how many photos to take, and select a step size. I still recommend selecting lower increments than one might expect. It is also a good idea to test these features beforehand so you know how to use them correctly. ​ In theory, bracketing can refer to pretty much any variable in photography. You can bracket white balance, JPEG settings, long exposure noise reduction, flash settings, focal length, and much more. ​ If unsure what depth of field required, it is worth bracketing the aperture. Or, for a Milky Way photograph, consider using different ISO and shutter speed settings to obtain the best combination of noise performance and minimal star trails.

Canmore Alberta’s Rockies Canmore is between Calgary and Banff. It took about 1½ hours to get the 50 miles (81 kilometres) from Calgary International Airport. ​ Canmore is only minutes away from Banff National Park, Kananaskis Country and Bow Valley Provincial Parks where 5 famous ski resorts and 6 breath-taking golf courses are located. ​ Canmore is situated in the Bow Valley within Alberta’s Rockies, it is an old mining town; because of this, it went relatively unnoticed for a great number of years, unlike Banff. ​ However, Canmore is more than a ski resort base. It offers over 70 kilometres of trails, a Nordic centre, hiking, climbing, mountain biking, kayaking, canoeing, rafting, and scrambling provide an endless assortment of outdoor activities. ​ To enhance your experience of the Rockies, visit the Rafter 6 ranch resort (currently up for sale), this ranch has a colossal variety of activities and the location is second to none. While there I was lucky enough to view the white buffalo, a herd of elk and some precious wolves. Being an ardent photographer, I was lucky enough to get some great photographs of the white buffalo, elk, wolves, and landscape in and around Canmore and Banff National Park. ​ Canmore's town’s elevation is 4296 feet (1309 metres) with the surrounding summits extending to heights of 9,633 feet (2936 metres). The Bow River flows through the town linking it to a network of wildlife corridors and trails. An abundance of local wildlife, wildflowers and mountains provide boundless opportunities to experience nature and take photographs of the wildlife, flora and The Three Sisters. The Three Sisters ​ The Three Sisters are a trio of peaks near Canmore. They are known individually as Big Sister (Faith), Middle Sister (Charity), and Little Sister (Hope). ​ Albert Rogers, a nephew of Major Rogers who discovered ‘Rogers Pass’ in the Selkirk Mountains named the three peaks in 1883. ​ Albert Rogers recollected, ‘there had been a heavy snowstorm in the night, and when we got up in the morning and looked out of the tent, I noticed the three peaks had a heavy veil of snow on the north side, and I said to the boys, ‘Look at the Three Nuns.’ They were called the Three Nuns for quite a while but later were called the ‘Three Sisters’ and first appeared on George Dawson’s map in 1886. ​ Heights: Big Sister (Faith) – 9,632 feet, (2,936 metres) Middle Sister (Charity) - 9,084 feet, (2,769 metres) Little Sister (Hope) - 8,840 feet, (2,694 metres) Out of gallery History In 1884 Donald Smith the director of the Canadian Pacific Railway officially named Canmore. In 1886, Queen Victoria granted a coal mining charter to the town, and the first mine was opened a year later. In the 1890s a North-West Mounted Police barrack had been built on Main Street, but it was vacated in 1927 and was restored in 1989. It still remains in the main street. ​ By the 1970s the market for coal had diminished and in 1979 the Canmore mines ceased operations. Unfortunately because of safety and reclamation policies initiated by the province of Alberta, most of the mining structures were demolished and today, only the lamphouse and a few mine entrances remain. Canmore’s commercial future seemed gloomy until the announcement in the 1980s that Calgary would be hosting the 1988 Winter Olympics. This opened the door for Canmore, as it would host the Nordic events, resulting in increased tourism.

Canada Canada is a North American country comprising ten provinces and three territories. Positioned in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Canada is the world’s second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States of America is the world’s longest land border. ​ Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Indigenous peoples. During the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and settled the region’s Atlantic coast. France relinquished virtually all its colonies in North America to the United Kingdom in 1763 following the French and Indian War, which was basically the North American Seven Years’ War. ​ Out of gallery While walking the Sundance trail near Banff I met my first wolves face-to-face. There was a pack of about seven and having bred and trained a few German shepherd dogs I noticed their tails were relaxed and their attention was not on me. So, I kept very still and avoided direct eye contact. That day they passed me by on a ridge about ten metres away. A couple of days later, while on the same trail, they were on the track about 50 metres in front of me. Now the prudent thing to do would be to turn back, but I am not like that. So, I waited and watched as they moved closer. Again, the wolves seemed relaxed and showed no signs of aggression, anyway, it was too late to retreat, and running was not an option, doing this might turn on their hunting instincts. Slowly they came closer until they were about six feet in front of me I am not sure why, but I started to talk quietly to them and slowly they came up to me and carried on walking past, a couple brushing against my legs. I knew it was the same pack, one of the females had a slight limp. During my stay in Banff, I met the wolves once more, and again they walked close enough that I brushed my hand over the back of one. Hell of a feeling I can tell you. Anyway, that brought on my love of these animals. Several years later I when staying in Canmore a town in Alberta’s Rocky Mountains I heard a local farm had looked after two young wolves and let them roam the farmland. They also had a rare white bison, so I contacted them to arrange a visit. Fantastic place and the owners looked after me and showed me around. Unfortunately, the two wolves were not around and two weeks later I had a disturbing email stating that the wolves had been shot and killed by another farmer. In 1867, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces due to the union of three British North American colonies through a coalition. This initiated an accretion of provinces and territories and the process of increasing autonomy culminated in the Canada Act of 1982. Canada is a federal state governed as a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy - with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state (the Canadian anthem is the Royal anthem ‘God Save the Queen.’ The country is officially multicultural and bilingual, with a population of around 38 million as of 2020. Canada’s forward-thinking economy is one of the largest in the world, relying mainly upon its copious natural resources and well-developed trade systems. Canada ranks amongst the highest in international measurements of education, quality of life, government transparency, civil liberties, and economic freedom.

Central Processing Unit A central processing unit (CPU), also known as a processor, is located on the motherboard. The CPU carries out the instructions of a computer program known as software by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. Its function is to execute programs machine language code and store it in main memory RAM in the computer, including performing calculations, and running programs. It does this by repeating the ‘fetch-and-execute’ cycle over and over, it repeatedly fetches a machine language instruction from RAM and then executes it. The CPU is often called the brains of the computer where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system but works as part of a broader, more diverse ecosystem that includes RAM and other elements of the computer. Motherboards support specific types or ranges of CPUs, so check the motherboard manufacturer’s specifications before attempting to replace or upgrade a CPU in a computer. Most CPUs come with heatsinks and a fan that fits on top of the CPU to help dissipate heat, CPUs generate a lot of heat so water cooling a CPU is the best option for high-end gaming or graphics machines. The two normal components of a CPU are: ​​ ​ Control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them - calling on the ALU when required. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic and logical operations.

Paint Brushes There is one certainty, paintbrushes vary enormously in quality. Cheap brushes will generally be of poorer quality and most paint finishes will reflect that fact. The main influence in brush quality is the type of hair used. Quality brush hairs will naturally form a point and will have a good spring to them, so they can be bent and quickly return to their usual shape. Decent brushes hold more paint and will deliver the paint consistently, instead of a flash as soon as the brush touches the subject. Traditionally, paintbrushes were made with various types of natural hairs or bristles. There is soft or stiff depending on the intended use. These days, many paintbrushes are made from synthetic hairs, and being with synthetic brushes were of debatable quality. The only advantage they had over natural hairs was the cheapness of production. But now, synthetic bristles have improved immensely. Some artists and modellers still insist that the best brushes are Kolinsky Sable hair, but many modellers only use synthetic hair brushes. For myself, I have found the manufacturer is just as vital factor in brush quality. I have had exceptionally good and noticeably mediocre brushes made sable and synthetic hairs. Sable Martin Listed below are the most common hair used by modelers: Sable - is considered to make the ultimate soft brush. It is made from the hairs from the tail of a Sable Marten. Sable hair has a natural taper, so when they are put into a brush, they form a point. Sable brushes are generally the most expensive, they are famed for their softness, flexibility, fine point, and ability to hold paint. Kolinsky Sable from Siberia is generally considered the best of sable. Squirrel – are less expensive than Sable, squirrel hairs are soft, but do not have limited spring, so work better in large brushes. Synthetic - Nylon was often used in the early synthetic brushes. Making the bristles course with thick ends, so did not perform well. The advantage was being cheap and durable. Modern synthetic brushes have improved immensely, being made from a variety of materials. The best specimens closely mimic natural hair very. Synthetic bristles occasionally stay in good condition longer than natural hairs, but increased quality often means increased cost. Sable Marten Squirrel Paint Brush Shapes care vast and come in may sizes, and modelllers can easily use most, although in reality most modeller only use a small fraction. The most extensively used modellers brush is the round because it can be used to make fine lines, block in colour and blending. Flats and Washes are also popular to do edges or fat for wider strokes. Liner brushes hold a lot of colour and can make long continuous lines without the need to reload the brush. While Fans can be used for grass, hair, feathers, fur or squiggles. Paintbrush shapes range from: ​ Angular or Dagger – banding fine lines, leaves or plant stems. Natural Round, Fan and Flat – depending on size and shape, washes, glazes and weathering streaks. Glaze, Wash or Funky Pouncer – adding texture, stains, weathering. Stencil – strong short bristles for dabbing. Bristle Round, Flat and Fan - depending on size and shape, good for fine to thicker lines, blending, blocking in colour, grass, hair, feathers or fur. Wisp or Comb – paint multiple lines at one time, good for foliage, hair or feathers. Wisp Fan – paint multiple lines at one time, good for splattering. Wisp Flat - paint multiple lines at one time, good for grass, hair, feathers or squiggles. Filbert or Wisp Filbert - paint multiple lines at one time, good for grass, hair, fur, feathers or flower petals. Triangular – triple load with colour for blending. Liner – extra fine lines, small strokes and fine detail. Detail -angles shapes, sharp edges and floating colours in tight areas. Script – extra long strokes, lines and scrolling.

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Transistors I transistor sono dispositivi semiconduttori utilizzati per commutare segnali elettronici, amplificare o alimentazione elettrica. I transistor sono fondamentali nei circuiti elettronici moderni. Un transistor è realizzato in materiali semiconduttori e in genere ha tre terminali per il collegamento a un circuito esterno. Una tensione o corrente applicata a una coppia di terminali del transistor controlla la corrente attraverso un'altra coppia di terminali. Poiché la potenza controllata (uscita) può essere superiore alla potenza di controllo (ingresso), un transistor può amplificare un segnale. Oggi, alcuni transistor sono confezionati individualmente, ma molti altri si trovano incorporati in circuiti integrati. Simboli del transistor a giunzione bipolare Esistono due tipi di transistor, NPN e PNP. Il transistor NPN ha due blocchi di materiale semiconduttore di tipo N e un blocco di materiale semiconduttore di tipo P. Il transistor PNP ha due di tipo P e uno strato di materiale di tipo N. Il simbolo di NPN sia di NPN che di PNP è mostrato nella figura seguente. La differenza tra i transistor NPN e PNP è nella direzione della corrente. La freccia nel diagramma sopra indica la direzione del flusso della corrente tipica nell'emettitore con polarizzazione diretta applicata alla giunzione emettitore-base. I transistor hanno tre terminali come mostrato sopra: Emettitore Collettore Base Emettitore: il segmento dell'emettitore fornisce un'ampia porzione del portatore di carica. L'emettitore è costantemente collegato in polarizzazione diretta rispetto alla base, fornisce alla base il portatore di carica di massa. La giunzione emettitore-base inserisce una grande quantità di portatore di carica maggioritaria nella base perché è fortemente fissa e di dimensioni moderate. Collector - Il collector accumula la maggior percentuale del portatore di carica fornito dall'emettitore. La giunzione collettore-base è costantemente in polarizzazione inversa. La sua funzione è quella di rimuovere le cariche preponderanti dalla sua giunzione con la base. Il segmento collettore del transistor è moderatamente fisso ma di massa maggiore in modo che possa raccogliere la maggior parte del portatore di carica fornito dall'emettitore. Base - La sezione centrale del transistor è la base. La base forma due circuiti: Il circuito di ingresso con l'emettitore. Il circuito di uscita con il collettore. Il circuito emettitore-base è polarizzato in avanti e offre una bassa resistenza al circuito. Mentre la giunzione collettore-base è in polarizzazione inversa e offre una maggiore resistenza al circuito. La base del transistor è leggermente inabile ed estremamente sottile in quanto sottopone alla base il portatore di carica maggioritario. Il silicio viene generalmente utilizzato per realizzare transistor per la sua alta tensione nominale, maggiore corrente e minore sensibilità alla temperatura. La sezione emettitore-base mantenuta polarizzata in avanti stabilisce la corrente di base che scorre attraverso la regione di base. L'entità della corrente di base è estremamente piccola. La corrente di base fa sì che gli elettroni si spostino nell'area del collettore o crea un buco nella regione di base. La base del transistor è estremamente sottile e leggermente fissata per questo motivo ha meno elettroni rispetto all'emettitore. Gli elettroni limitati dell'emettitore sono combinati con il foro della regione di base e gli elettroni rimanenti si muovono verso la regione del collettore e costituiscono la corrente del collettore.

555 Timer Il timer IC 555 è un circuito integrato (chip) utilizzato in una gamma di funzioni di timer, ritardo, generazione di impulsi e oscillatore. È un componente utile nella costruzione di kit modello e nelle modulazioni di illuminazione. È un circuito di temporizzazione che fornisce ritardi o oscillazioni precisi e altamente stabili. Questi tipi di circuiti integrati sono economici e affidabili se confrontati con le applicazioni OP-Amp nelle stesse aree. I timer 555 sono utilizzati come multivibratori affidabili e monostabili in sonde logiche digitali, convertitori CC-CC, tachimetri, misuratori di frequenza analogici, regolatori di tensione, dispositivi di controllo e misurazione della temperatura. L'IC SE555 può essere utilizzato in intervalli di temperatura da - 55 ° C a 125 ° C, mentre l'IC NE555 può essere utilizzato in intervalli di temperatura da 0 ° a 70 ° C. Un multivibratore monostabile è un circuito elettronico a logica sequenziale che genera un impulso di uscita. Quando viene attivato, viene prodotto un impulso di durata predefinita. Il circuito ritorna quindi al suo stato stabile e non produce più output fino a quando non viene nuovamente attivato.

Potting and Growing Orchids Most vandaceous orchids, a few Phaleanopsis, and Dendrobiums can be grown easily in wooden slatted baskets, without any compost at all, this method requires frequent watering. ​ Cattleya and Cymbidiums do well in a mix of bark chippings, perlite, and charcoal to keep the mixture sweet. ​ Oncidiums , Dendrobiums , Odontoglossums , and Catlias will also be happy in this mixture. Consider the thickness of the chosen orchid roots when deciding to use large, medium, or small bark chippings. ​ Paphiopedilums and Phragmipediums prefer a mixture of Rockwool, bark foam, sphagnum moss, and perlite. ​ Vanda’s and many other species can be placed in a wooden open basket and allow their roots to grow openly in the air – this method requires constant attention to watering and spraying for humidity. ​ Rainwater is the best option; otherwise, endeavour to use water produced by reverse osmosis systems unless you are extremely sure about the quality of your local water supply. Spring and summer ​ I spray my Vanda’s on a daily basis and in the hot summer months (yes I know it’s the UK, but I live in Cornwall), remember these roots are airborne. ​ My potted orchids are plunged in a bucket of water for at least 30 minutes once a week – if the weather is cooler every two weeks will be fine. ​ The pseudobulbs post-winter will be wrinkled and as spring approaches and you start watering the orchids on a more regular basis they will fill out. Start feeding in the new-year and continue every couple of months. La maggior parte delle orchidee vandacee, alcune Faleanopsis e Dendrobiums possono essere coltivate facilmente in cesti a doghe di legno, senza alcun compost, questo metodo richiede frequenti annaffiature. Cattleya e Cymbidium si comportano bene in un mix di scaglie di corteccia, perlite e carbone per mantenere la miscela dolce. Anche Oncidium, Dendrobiums, Odontoglossum e Catasetums saranno felici in questa miscela. Considera lo spessore delle radici dell'orchidea scelte quando decidi di utilizzare trucioli di corteccia grandi, medi o piccoli. Paphiopedilums e Phragmipediums preferiscono una miscela di lana di roccia, schiuma di corteccia, muschio di sfagno e perlite. Vanda e molte altre specie possono essere collocate in un cesto di legno aperto e consentire alle loro radici di crescere apertamente nell'aria: questo metodo richiede un'attenzione costante all'irrigazione e alla spruzzatura per l'umidità. L'acqua piovana è l'opzione migliore; in caso contrario, cercare di utilizzare l'acqua prodotta dai sistemi di osmosi inversa a meno che non siate estremamente sicuri della qualità della vostra fornitura d'acqua locale. Primavera e estate Spruzzo le mie Vanda ogni giorno e nei caldi mesi estivi (sì, lo so che è il Regno Unito, ma vivo in Cornovaglia), ricorda che queste radici sono nell'aria. Le mie orchidee in vaso vengono immerse in un secchio d'acqua per almeno 30 minuti una volta alla settimana - se il tempo è più fresco ogni due settimane andrà bene. Gli pseudobulbi dopo l'inverno saranno rugosi e con l'avvicinarsi della primavera e inizi ad annaffiare le orchidee in modo più regolare, si riempiranno. Inizia a nutrirti nel nuovo anno e continua ogni due mesi. Dall'autunno all'inverno I Vanda vengono annaffiati quando le radici appaiono bianche; quando annaffi, cambieranno colore in verde chiaro: annaffia a giorni alterni, ma spruzza ogni giorno. Le piante in vaso annaffiano con parsimonia, innaffio le mie ogni paio di mesi in inverno poiché gli pseudobulbi mantengono l'orchidea a posto. MAI sopra l'acqua: assicurati che le radici siano asciutte, non la corteccia o il terreno.

Wireless Network System Wireless LANs WLAN technologies tend to follow one of the three Wi-Fi communication standards and the advantages of wireless networking depend on the standard employed: ​ 802.11b - was the first standard to be used in WLANs. ​ 802.11a - the standard is faster but was more expensive than the 802.11b, because of this it was used in business networks, but it is now widely used in the public sector. ​ The 802.11g, endeavored to combine the best of both 802.11a and 802.11b. ​ The latest in Wi-Fi technology is the 802.11ac. 802.11ac connectivity, makes previous standards look like snails and makes the aggravation from slow connection speeds and load times a thing of the past. ​ The latest in Wi-Fi technology is the 802.11ad. 802.11ad connectivity, makes previous standards look like snails and makes the aggravation from slow connection speeds and load times a thing of the past. ​ The 802.11ad pushes routers, computers, servers, and printers in your home network into the next level. Because of this, an entire family can use an incredible amount of data without impacting anyone else on the network. ​ List of standards: ​ 802.11-1997 (802.11 legacy) 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11-2007 802.11n 802.11-2012 802.11ac 802.11ad ​ Installation Wi-Fi networks can be configured in two different ways: The Ad hoc approach allows wireless devices to communicate in a peer-to-peer manner. The infrastructure method allows wireless devices to communicate with a central connection that in turn communicates with wired connections on that LAN. ​ Most LANs require an infrastructure method to access the Internet, a printer, or other wired items, whereas Ad hoc mode only supports basic file sharing between the wireless devices. Both Wi-Fi approaches require a wireless network adapter/s, sometimes called WLAN cards. Infrastructure mode WLANs also need a central device called the access point. ​ The access point must be installed in a location where wireless signals can reach it with minimal interference. Although Wi-Fi signals typically reach 100 feet (30 m) or more depending on your router, obstructions like walls can greatly reduce their range, especially in an old Victorian house like mine where the walls are three feet thick. ​ Cost Most routers are wireless compatible so cost somewhat less than wired Ethernet products and most internet providers provide the router, filter, and a CAT 45 cable as part of the service. These days costs are minimal for a wireless network. ​ Reliability Wireless LANs suffer more reliability problems than wired LANs, nevertheless, perhaps not enough to be a significant concern. Older 802.11b and 802.11g wireless signals were subject to interference from home appliances including: ​ Microwave ovens Cordless telephones Electronic garage doors Fridges ​ But with the newer standards, this has all but disappeared. I will discuss setting up a wireless network later, along with port-forwarding so that you can login to your server, computer, or printer when away from home. Port-forwarding can be a challenge, so I will go through it in detail. ​ Performance These days the performance of Wireless LANs is great compared with the older 802.11b, 802.11a, and 802.11g WLANs. But Wireless systems are not as fast as their wired counterparts. Additionally, Wi-Fi performance is distance sensitive, meaning that maximum performance will degrade on a computer farther away from the access point and the more wireless devices used the WLAN performance degrades more. ​ Nowadays, the Wireless option is more than adequate for a home Internet connection for sharing files, printing, gaming, and media downloads and connecting additional devices like the iPhone and iPad. ​ Security Wireless LANs are less secure than wired LANs because wireless communication signals travel through the air and can be intercepted. ​ Many people have been through the courts for hacking into on to un-secure Wireless networks while out in their cars or sitting on a park bench. Known as war-driving it involves traveling through a residential area with their Wi-Fi equipment scanning the airwaves for unprotected WLANs. So, beware! ​ I cannot emphasize enough to set your Wireless network up securely, using the firewall and strong passwords. Using the Privacy (WEP) encryption standard WLANs improves security greatly, but not as wired networks. However, no computer network is completely secure, and you should ensure: Home is Internet firewall is properly configured. ​ Household is acquainted with the danger of Internet ‘spoof emails’ and how to recognise them. Household is aware of ‘spyware’ and how to avoid it. Use anti-virus software and keep it updated. ​ To help protect your computer from Intrusion, Trojans, and Viruses you will need antivirus and firewall software installed on your computer. I use ESET and Malwarebytes, there are free alternatives, but I find the free options significantly less secure and reliable. Nearly all the infected computers I worked on in the industry had free versions and the removal of the risk and preventing data loss always cost more than purchasing the paid anti-virus and malware software combined. ​ Although Broadband routers have firewalls installed, these are not reliable so do not rely on this alone to protect your computers. ​ KEEP the antivirus and malware software updated on a regular basis, as new threats come onto the web daily.

Types of Paint Acrilico I colori acrilici sono i tipi di vernice più comuni utilizzati su kit di modelli e diorami. La vernice acrilica è facile da maneggiare poiché è a base d'acqua, il che significa che può essere diluita e pulita con acqua. Tuttavia, l'uso di diluenti acrilici o miglioratori di flusso per aerografo dà i migliori risultati. Le vernici acriliche sono vulnerabili a graffi o segni, quindi è importante ricoprire i kit modello con una vernice per proteggerli. A seconda della temperatura, la vernice acrilica si asciuga in circa 20 minuti e polimerizza entro 24 ore. Per l'aerografia, i diluenti a base di alcool si asciugano più velocemente dell'acqua. Vantaggi Gli acrilici a base d'acqua tendono ad asciugarsi rapidamente, hanno un odore trascurabile e possono essere facilmente miscelati con acqua o diluente. L'acqua può essere utilizzata anche per pulire i pennelli e per rimuovere uno strato di finitura per creare effetti di scheggiatura. A causa del tempo di asciugatura rapida, questo consente di applicare molte più mani di vernice durante una sessione di modellazione, aumentando così la costruzione di aree più complesse, come abitacoli e figure. Molti produttori ora producono un'ampia varietà di gamme di colori per vernici progettate per replicare le vernici della vita reale utilizzate da molti paesi nel corso della storia. Ciò semplifica la produzione di una gamma di modelli con schemi di verniciatura e finiture accurati. Al giorno d'oggi, molti produttori producono vernici acriliche adatte per aerografi, come Vallejo Model Air, MIG AMMO e AK Interactive. La vernice acrilica aerografata attrae molti modellisti poiché queste vernici sono relativamente sicure da usare all'interno e hanno poco odore. Dichiarazione di non responsabilità: quando si aerografa la vernice, è altamente consigliabile utilizzare una cabina di verniciatura e una maschera facciale / respiratore per proteggersi dalla nuvola di spruzzi generata. Svantaggi Con i loro tempi di asciugatura più rapidi, gli acrilici necessitano di una cura extra per evitare segni di pennello sul modello. Ciò può essere ottenuto applicando più strati sottili o utilizzando diluenti livellanti, ritardanti di essiccazione o miglioratori di flusso che possono essere utilizzati anche quando si aerano acrilici, la vernice acrilica tende ad asciugarsi nell'aerografo, nella punta o nell'aria durante il suo viaggio al modello. La temperatura ambiente può anche influenzare gli aspetti di essiccazione. La finitura finale è chiamata da molti top-coat o vernice. Aiuterà a proteggere la vernice dai danni, poiché alcuni kit modello sono progettati per il wargaming da tavolo che è soggetto a grandi quantità di manipolazione e uso ripetuto. Alcune marche di vernice acrilica possono essere a base di alcol che danno un odore dolce. Ciò può causare problemi durante la spazzolatura della pittura perché la seconda o la terza mano possono interferire con gli strati di vernice precedenti. Lacca Le vernici laccate sono le meno usate a causa della loro difficoltà e rischio di utilizzo. Le vernici laccate sono le più dure dei tre tipi principali e si asciugano più velocemente. Una volta asciutte, le vernici laccate sono estremamente difficili da rimuovere senza danneggiare anche la plastica. Dei tre sono anche i più tossici, quindi gli utenti dovrebbero trovarsi in un'area ben ventilata, utilizzando una cabina di verniciatura a prova di esplosione dotata di uno speciale sistema di ventilazione e indossare un respiratore, protezione per gli occhi e guanti. La vernice laccata richiede un diverso tipo di diluente per vernici, opportunamente denominato diluente per vernici. Esempi di vernice laccata sono MrColor e MRP (MrPaint). Smalto Le vernici a smalto di solito si asciugano fino a ottenere una finitura dura e lucida, possono essere necessarie circa 2-3 ore per asciugare, ma ha un tempo di polimerizzazione di 24-48 ore. Per questo motivo, la vernice smaltata si asciuga più duramente, quindi è più resistente ai graffi. Le vernici a smalto sono più tossiche delle vernici acriliche ma non sono così dannose come le vernici a vernice. Viene utilizzato per la pittura a mano in cui l'asciugatura più lenta consente più tempo per la vernice di autolivellarsi e nascondere le pennellate. Le vernici a smalto sono consigliate anche per i lavaggi dei pannelli. Esempi di vernici a smalto sono Tamiya Enamel, AK Interactive e MIG AMMO.

Wired Network System Wired LANs (Local Area Networks) use Ethernet cables and network adapters. ​ There are two ways to set up a LAN system: ​ Broadband routers often provide DSL Internet connections and because they normally have additional facilities that allow direct connections for a shared printer or server. ​ Two computers can be directly wired to each other using an Ethernet crossover cable. ​ Using a central device or devices like a router, hubs, switches to connect more than two computers, servers, or printers. ​ Installation Ethernet cables must run from the router to each computer, printer, or server. It can be costly, laborious, and messy to run cables through a house, either under the floor or through walls, especially if you have an old Victorian house like mine. Even in newer houses chasing out the walls for cables or taking up the floorboards can take some time and be very messy. Luckily for some people, newer homes are often being pre-wired with CAT5 cables and RJ-45 sockets. These are wired sockets ready to accept your cables. If you are willing to put in the time and mess, it is a simple matter to fit CAT5 cables and RJ-45 sockets. We will explore what is needed and how to achieve this later. Once the hardware has been installed the configuration of the wired or wireless LANs are similar. Both rely on standard Internet Protocol (IP) and network operating system configuration options. These will be discussed later. ​ Cost In this age of financial constraints, the cost is the biggest denominator when deciding whether to opt for a wired or wireless network. If your computer, router, and printer are in proximity a wired system will cost little more than a wireless option. Most Internet providers supply a free router, Ethernet cable and with ADSL a filter with your package. Because of this you only need to buy an additional CAT5 cable to connect your printer. Of course, you can bypass this requirement by connecting your printer via a USB cable. If you only require a cable, CAT 5 Cable – prices vary depending on the length, but you can expect to pay between £2.50 and £6.00 for a 5-metre length. For installing a fitted wired system, the cost will be higher as you will need for each outlet: RJ45 RJ11 Cat5 Network Tool Kit Cable Tester Crimp Lan - £18.50 Cat 5 Single Socket RJ45 Ethernet Network Face Plate - £2.00 Wall box for faceplate - £2.00 RJ45 Connector Network Cable CAT5 Crimp Ends Plugs x 10 - £1.00. Ethernet CCA Cable Roll Network LAN Solid UTP CAT5e-CCA Grey 100m - £10.00 ​ These prices do not usually very much. I buy my stuff from Amazon and a local electrical outlet. ​ Reliability Ethernet cables, routers, and switches are exceptionally reliable, mostly due to the manufacturer’s commitment to improving Ethernet technology. Ethernet technology is an ever-expanding structure and companies are continuously funding research into improving the communications systems. A great deal of advancements has occurred during the past few years in the wireless arena, and this has been directed because of the need to strengthen security and improve wireless systems. With cabled systems, if you take time to fasten cables and making sure the wires in the RJ-45 boxes are wired correctly and secure will help eliminate problems with wired networks. I have had several Broadband routers fail, so reliability is still an on-going concern. If this occurs contact your Broadband provider and they should replace it for you, or you can buy a better model. Wired networks are more reliable, faster, and secure than their wireless counterparts. Performance ​ Despite the improvements of wireless routers over the past few years wired LANs still provide better performance and reliability over wireless systems. In the past, wired Ethernet connections have increased from 10 Mbps bandwidth to 100 Mbps and now 1000Mbps is now commonplace. Wired LANs using a hub might sustain performance slowdown if several computers, servers, or printers are heavily using the network at the same time. To help prevent this use Ethernet switches. Security ​ Routers come with Firewall software installed. Because of this when wired networks (LANs) are connected to the Internet the Firewall will provide an element of security. However, wired Ethernet hubs and switches do not have firewalls. ​ To help protect your computer from Intrusion, Trojans, and Viruses you will need antivirus and firewall software installed on your computer. I use ESET and Malwarebytes, there are free alternatives, but I find the free options significantly less secure and reliable. Nearly all the infected computers I worked on in the industry had free versions and the removal of the risk and preventing data loss always cost more than purchasing the paid anti-virus and malware software combined. ​ Although Broadband routers have firewalls installed, these are not reliable so do not rely on this alone to protect your computers. ​ KEEP the antivirus and malware software updated on a regular basis, as new threats come onto the web daily.